The branches of science colloquially referred to as omics are the several biological disciplines with names that end in the suffix -omics. Such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, and transcriptomics. Omics strives to characterize and quantify large groups of biological molecules that are relevant to an organism’s or a group of organisms’ structure, function, and dynamics.
The study subjects in these domains, such as the genome, proteome, or metabolome, are denoted by the associated suffix -ome. Functional genomics aims to determine the functions of as many genes in a given organism as feasible.
Different Types of Omics
Genomics
Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome which is further subdivided into comparative genomics. comparative genomics is the study of how the genomes of several biological species or strains differ in structure and function. and functional genomics describes the roles and interactions of genes and proteins, often called transcriptomics.
However, the study of metagenomes implies genetic material extracted directly from environmental samples, known as metagenomics.
Neurogenomics, on the other hand, is the study of how genes affect the nervous system and its development and function. At the same time, Pangenomics is the study of all the genes or genomes present in a particular species.
Personal genomics is the area of genomics that focuses on the sequencing and examination of an individual’s genome. Once the genotypes are established, it is possible to compare the individual’s genotype with existing research. Again, this will assess the likelihood of trait expression and disease risk, which contributes to personalized medicine.
Epigenomics
Secondly, the epigenome, which consists of DNA chemical changes, alternative DNA structures, protein and RNA binders, and other components, supports the genome.
Microbiomics
Thirdly, the term “microbiome” refers to a specific physio-chemically unique microbial community that inhabits a generally well-defined habitat. Again, the term “microbiome” includes the microorganisms and the environment in which they function, leading to the establishment of distinct ecological niches.
Lipidomics
In addition, the complete set of cellular lipids produced by an organism or system, including the adjustments made to a specific set of lipids, is known as the lipidome. Lipidomics is the comprehensive study of lipid networks and processes.
Proteomics
Furthermore, the entire set of proteins that an organism or system produces, including any alterations made to a specific group of proteins, is known as the proteome. The extensive study of proteins, particularly their structures and activities, is known as proteomics. Therefore, various methods are utilized in chemoproteomics to examine the interactions between proteins and small molecules.
Studying vast collections of proteins (proteomics) involved in the immune response is known as immunoproteomics. Finding the molecular targets of dietary components, both nutritional and non-nutritive, is known as nutriproteomics
Proteogenomics is a new area of biological study that combines proteomics and genomics. Proteomics information is used to annotate genes.
Structural genomics: Combining experimental and modelling methods to study the three-dimensional structure of each protein encoded by a specific genome.
Glycomics
Also, the entire study of the glycome, or sugars and carbohydrates, is known as glycomics.
Transcriptomics
In addition, the transcriptome is all RNA molecules produced by a single cell or a population of cells, including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and other non-coding RNA.
Studying transcriptomes, their architecture, and their roles is known as transcriptomics.
Metabolomics
A biological matrix’s collection of tiny molecules is known as the metabolome. The scientific study of metabolite-related chemical reactions is known as metabolomics. The analysis of their small-molecule metabolite profiles is a “systematic examination of the distinctive chemical fingerprints that certain biological functions leave behind.”
Pharmacology, toxicology, and nutrition
Nutritional genomics studies how food and food components affect gene expression. Investigates how nutrients affect the genome, proteome, and metabolome
Pharmacogenomics studies how medications interact with the totality of variations in the human genome;
Pharmacomicrobiomics studies how changes in the human microbiome affect medications and vice versa.
A branch of science called toxicogenomics is concerned with gathering, analyzing, and archiving data on gene and protein activity inside an organism’s specific cell or tissue in response to harmful chemicals.
Other forms of -omics
Conclusively, Psychogenomics uses the potent tools of genomics and proteomics to understand better the molecular underpinnings of both healthy behaviour and brain illnesses that appear as disordered behaviour. The ultimate goal of psychogenomics in studying drug addiction is to produce objective diagnostic tools, more efficient therapies, and, ultimately, cures for these disorders.
Multiomics: The incorporation of numerous omics into a single investigation or pipeline of analysis.
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